Content
5 . 2016
Reviews

The association of genetic polymorphisms with non-communicable disease among Arctic population

Abstract
The review analyzed genetic polymorphisms contribute to the development of non-communicable diseases among the inhabitants of the Arctic. It is known that the area belongs to the arctic areas of discomfort for living and employment rights. Ecological features of the Far North have contributed to the adaptation of the indigenous population to environmental conditions, which manifested itself in particular in the power features that provide a low prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Active development of the Arctic zone and the associated lifestyle changes in the population, including the nature of power, caused a change in the prevalence and trends of non-communicable diseases, which has its own characteristics in comparison with the ethnic groups living in more southern latitudes. These features, as follows from the results of a number of studies to be associated, including the presence of genetic polymorphisms characteristic of the population of the Arctic zone.

Modern trends in study of polymorphism of genes encoding goat's milk proteins

Abstract
This review emphasises the genotypical heterogeneity of the population of goats, which at the molecular level is manifested in the form of gene polymorphism in the milk proteins. Polymorphic genes, represented in the population of heterogeneous alleles, cause a wide variance in the chemical composition and processing properties of goat milk. We summarized the literature about the main features of genes encoding proteins of goat milk. It is stressed that goat's milk, due to genetic polymorphism has a great value when creating a new functional food product for children.
Biochemistry and physiology of nutrition

Characteristics of some indicators of physical development and frequency of occurrence of certain somatotypes of women in older age groups

Abstract
The article presents the anthropometric parameters of 251 elderly women (75-90 years) and 125 long-liver women (90-98 years) of the Slavic ethnic group, living in Moscow and Moscow region. Significant differences in basic anthropometric characteristics between two age groups have been demonstrated. Average values of body weight and height, circumferences and quantities of skin-fat folds were significantly lower in long-liver women in compare with representatives of the elderly, whereas diameters had no statistical significant differences. Somatotypological analysis revealed a frequency of occurrence of different somatotypes and prevalence of the three main types among elderly and long-liver women - asthenic (32.2-34.0%), pyknic (29.3-30.0%) and europlastic (20.0-21.2%) somatotype. Some features of body composition characteristics of elderly and long-livers women have been demonstrated as well. Estimated absolute amount of bone compartment did not differ in two women groups, while relative amount of bone compartment in elderly women (15.30±0.21%) was lower by 1.11 fold (p<0.05) than in long-liver women (17.05+±0.17%). The content of fat and muscular body compartment was significantly (p<0.05) lower in long-liver women as compared with the elderly women. The absolute amount of fat body compartment in long-liver women was 9.15±1.22 vs 13.13±0.49 kg in elderly women, the relative amount of fat body compartment - 14.39±0.26 vs 18.04±0.05%; the absolute amount of muscular body compartment - 23.04±0.26 vs 28.06±0.47 kg, the relative amount of fat body compartment - 36.22±0.15 vs 38.54±0.16%.

The effect of rutin and hesperidin on the expression of Nrf2- and AhR-regulated genes and CYP3A1 gene in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride

Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of rutin (R) and hesperidin (Hes), the main representatives of two most studied subclasses of flavonoids - flavonols and flavanones, on the expression of prototypical Nrf2 and AhR-regulated genes and CYP3A1 gene in rats intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Investigations were carried out on 5 groups of male Wistar rats with the initial body weight (b.w.) 180-200 g (n=40). Rats of the control group and the 1st experimental group received for 14 days the semisynthetic diet, rats of the 2nd experimental group - the same diet plus R (400 mg/kg b.w.), the animals of the 3rd experimental group received the diet with Hes in the same amount, of the 4th experimental group - diet with R (400 mg/kg b.w.) and Hes (400 mg/kg b.w.). Animals of the experimental groups 24 hours before the end of experiment were injected intraperitoneally CCl4 at a dose of 0.5 ml/kg b.w. in olive oil; rats of the control group were injected equal amount of olive oil. For gene expression assessment the mRNA content of NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (Hmox1), Nrf2 (Nrf2), AhR (AhR), CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A1 and β-actin (Actb) in rat liver was determined by real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that in rats intoxicated with CCl4, enrichment of the diet with R, but not with Hes, led to a significant increase in the expression of genes Hmox1, NQO1 and CYP3A1. Combined intake of R and Hes with the diet led to additivity of their action on the expression of Hmox1 gene and to synergism in the effect on the expression of genes NQO1 and CYP3A1. A moderate increase in the levels of expression of AhR and CYP1A2 genes as compared to their expression in rats treated with CCl4 only, CCl4 and R or CCl4 and Hes has been noted. Thus, for the first time on the model of oxidative stress in rats the data have been obtained showing at the gene expression level a synergism of action of two flavonoids - R and Hes, widely present in the daily human diet.
Hygiene of nutrition

The effect of water with modified isotope (D/H) composition on the reproductive function and postnatal development in rats

Abstract
Reproductive parameters and postnatal progeny development were evaluated in 4 generations of Wistar rats treated with deuterium depleted water (DDW): parental (F0), first (F1), second (F2) and third (F3). The experiment was carried out on 2 groups of animals: experimental group consumed DDW (50 ppm) and control group consumed purified tap water (150 ppm). Experiment was consist of a preparatory stage, the stage of studying the F0, F1, F2 reproductive parameters and F1, F2, F3 postnatal progeny development Reproductive parameters was assessed by F0, F1, F2 fertility index and F1, F2, F3 offspring viability and development. Fertility index was assessed as the male's ability to fertilize females in the percentage of pregnant females/fertilized males to the total number females and males placed together for mating. Offspring maturing were evaluated by pups viability, development of physical and sexual parameters, emotional and locomotors reflexes within the 1st month of life. Group 1 fertility index in F0 females was 100%, in F1 and F2 females - 99%, in males all generations - 89-100%. Group 1 F1, F2 and F3 offspring viability was high. Number of pups in group 1 F2 offspring was higher by 20% than in group 2. Pups of the 1st group F1, F2 and F3 were less intensively gained weight from the 1st to the 21st day of life compared with group 2, the final weight of the animals in group 1 was higher than in group 2 by 4-6% from 25th to 30th days of life. Assessment of physical parameters development as well as emotional and locomotors reflexes formation did not reveal any difference between group 1 and group 2 F1, F2 and F3 offspring. Obtained results confirmed that DDW did not effect on rat fertility, viability and development of offspring.

Investigation of the liver DNA methylation profile of rats under the influence of hepatotoxicants of different nature

Abstract
The functional importance of DNA methylation, which is a special case of epigenetic variation, is meant for regulation of many biological processes, ranged from tissue specific gene expression to remodeling of chromatin structure. Disorders of the DNA methylation can cause changes in the cell's phenotype, providing a significant impact on the development of pathology. Both exogenous and endogenous factors are able to cause disruption of DNA methylation, while epigenetic changes usually precede the emergence of clinical and morphological symptoms of pathological process development, consequently the parameters of DNA methylation can be used as sensitive biomarkers to detect adverse effects on the organism. The purpose of the study was to identify genes of the liver, the methylation profile of which changes under the influence of hepatotoxicants of different nature. The experiment was carried out on 60 male Wistar rats with initial body weight (b.w.) 83.3±1.5 g. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups - 1 control and 5 test groups, with 10 rats in each group. During the first two weeks of the experiment the rats of the 1-5th test groups were administered to aflatoxin B1 (200 Mg/kg b.w.), cadmium chloride 2,5-hydrate (2 mg/kg), monosodium glutamate (1000 mg/kg), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (1000 mg/kg), paracetamol (150 mg/kg), accordingly. Methylation of the liver genes in rats was determined by using high-performance methods, based on bisulfite sequencing of reduced representation. For each sample from 12 to 30 million pairs of reads were received, genes which demonstrated significant changes in methylation when exposed to toxic factors were identified: aflatoxin B1 caused changes in the methylation of 57 genes; cadmium - 54 genes; monosodium glutamate - 39 genes; EGCG -198 genes; paracetamol - 167 genes. The comparison of genes with altered methylation in the experimental groups revealed that none of the genes repeatedly occurred under the influence of each toxicant out of five, the highest number of repeats accounted 3. As a result of the present analysis 7 genes have been selected: methylation change in Fan1 gene was observed when exposed to cadmium, monosodium glutamate, EGCG; gene Lppr2 - under the influence of aflatoxin B1, EGCG, paracetamol; gene Mlh3 - under the influence of aflatoxin B1, cadmium, paracetamol; Sirt7 gene - under the influence of cadmium, EGCG, paracetamol; gene Fbxo15 - when exposed to cadmium, monosodium glutamate, paracetamol; gene E2f1 - when exposed to cadmium, EGCG, paracetamol; gene Mrps16 - when exposed to cadmium, EGCG, paracetamol. On the basis of the received data the project of the panel of genes-biomarkers of toxic effect, including genes Fan1, Lppr2, Mlh3, Sirt7, Fbxo15, E2f1, Mrps16 has been formed.

The study of the contamination and the levels of Campylobacter spp. during the processing of selected types of foods

Abstract
The purpose of the work was to study the nature of the Campylobacter spp. contamination during the processing of food products of plant and animal origin (raw poultry and beef meat, raw milk, leafy salads, sliced raw vegetables). In the study of 148 samples 50 strains of Campylobacter spp. (33.8%) were found. For the main phenotypic characteristics they were identified as C. jejuni spp. jejuni and C. jejuni spp. doylei (over 75%). The highest level of detection of campylobacteria (over 45%) was set for raw poultry, including the carcasses of chickens broilers, quails, turkeys and their semi-finished products. 19 of the 27 strains from poultry were identified as C. jejuni. Among the strains isolated from the environment, including swabs from equipment surfaces, 91% of the isolates were also presented by C. jejuni. It was found that the investigated foodstuffs were characterized by high levels of contamination with bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, the content of which was comparable with the identified values of total viable bacteria (cfu). Salmonella was detected in 19% of the investigated poultry samples and in 14.3% of raw cow milk. In the study of swabs from surfaces of poultry processing equipment, the frequency of detection of Campylobacter strains was 38.7%, Salmonella - 12.9%. Most commonly Campylobacter and Salmonella were detected in the zones of primary processing of poultry: the frequency of isolation of Salmonella in slaughter corner was 25%, Campylobacter - 43%. When testing the swabs taken in the cooking zone of «fast food» restaurants Campylobacter and Salmonella were not detected. For studying the swabs from equipment surfaces and the environment for the presence of Campylobacter spp. a modified technique of sampling was developed. The method includes a comprehensive analysis in the test area with the use of three types of media for transportation and incubation of Campylobacter spp. (Preston broth with blood, Brucella broth, Cary-Blair medium), that increase the probability of detection of these pathogens.

The association between diet and the probability of colorectal cancer among the population of Perm krai: epidemiological study

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among all malignant tumors both in the world and in Russia. The purpose of the research was to study the association between diet and the probability of CRC in Perm Krai. The epidemiological analytical case-control study was performed. The questionnaire survey included 191 histologically proved colorectal cancer cases and 200 healthy individuals with excluded CRC by the results of colonoscopy. The surveyed groups were spread evenly by sex, age, ethnicity, place of residence and smoking (p>0.05). The odds to determine the following factors were higher in case group: diet including fried foods (OR=2.45, 95% CI: 1.58-3.80, p<0.0001), bread more 100 g per day (OR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.72-2.60, р=0.005), over-salted food (OR=1.97, 95% CI: 1.27-3.04, p=0.001), consumption of spicy foods (OR=2.82, 95% CI: 1.59-5.13, p<0.0001) and dairy products less than 500 g per week (OR=3.94, 95% CI: 2.60-5.97, p<0.0001). The odds to determine the following factors were higher in control group: an exclusion of processed (OR=0.45, 95% CI: 0.28-0.70, p<0.0001) and red meat (OR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.05-0.51, p<0.0001). Consequently, at the present study the diet factors that have a higher rate in group of CRC patient's compared to healthy individuals have been determined. This requires to study interaction between diet, another environmental and genetic factors.
Micronutrients in nutrition

Evaluation of selenium consumption by Mongolian residents

Abstract
Selenium is one of the essential elements which adequate consumption is strictly necessary for human health. Despite unfavorable geographical position of Mongolia and registered cases of selenium deficiency diseases among domestic animals in some provinces of the country there are still no concrete data of selenium content in objects of the environment in this region. The aim of the present work was the evaluation of selenium consumption levels by adults from different provinces of Mongolia and the development of methods of prophylactic for the selenium status optimization. Detection of selenium deficiency in Mongolia was caused by inadequate selenium content in foodstuffs. Determined mean consumption levels were equal to 41.8±4.9 μg/day for males and 34.1±3.1 μg/day for females. The main reason of low selenium content in the diet was its deficiency in native foodstuffs: selenium concentrations in meat of domestic animals μg/kg d.w.) reached 109-296 in beef, 94-200 in mutton, 120-225 in horseflesh and 124-197 in goat's flash, values did not differ between each other statistically (p>0.05). The exception were samples of horseflash with selenium concentration exceeding 400 μg/kg d.w. from Gov-Altai province. Selenium content in wheat was in the range 6-36μg/kg d.w., with the lowest levels in Dornod, Ucs and Selenge provinces. Selenium content in eggs was equal 6.7-7.8 μg/egg. The correction of selenium deficiency is recommended to achieve using preparations of Astragalus Mongolicus from Bulgan province with selenium concentration 278±26μg/kg d.w. Besides this utilization of Mongolicum Tricholoma Mushrooms (from the vicinity of Ulaanbaatar and from Zavkhan province) seems to be highly promising due to high selenium concentrations (616±26 μg/kg d.w. and 352±17μg/kg d.w. respectively).

The vitamin status of pregnant women in Moscow: effect of multivitamin-mineral supplements

Abstract

Examination of the vitamin status of 102 pregnant women (19-41 years old) from Moscow (gestational age 6-38 weeks) in winter and spring 2015 has been conducted. The lack of vitamin B2 (blood serum level of riboflavin <5 ng/ml), D (25(OH)D level <30 ng/ml) and β-carotene (<20 mg/dL) occurred in 49-66% of pregnant women. The percentage of persons with reduced serum levels of vitamin B6 (<4.8 mg/l), folic acid (<3 mg/l), vitamin A (<30 mg/dL), and E (<0.8 mg/dl) was insignificant and amounted 6-8%. All of the women had an adequate supply with vitamins C (>0.4 mg/dL) and B12 (>150 ng/L). The frequency of the combined deficiency of two vitamins was 29%, of three vitamins - 21%, four - 10%, five - 5%. Only 8% of women were sufficiently supplied with all 8 studied vitamins and β-carotene. A positive correlation (p<0.001) between the concentration of vitamin E and gestation term occurred. β-Carotene blood serum level raised with increasing gestation term in women receiving multivitamin-mineral supplements (VMS) and directly correlated (p<0.05) with vitamin E serum level. In 63 women who were not taking VMS, blood serum level of vitamins A, D, C, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and β-carotene was lower, and the frequency of inadequate supply, on the contrary, was significantly higher, compared to 39 women receiving VMS. Blood serum concentration of vitamins C, A, D, B6 and folic acid in women who were not taking VMS was significantly reduced (p<0.05) with increasing gestation term, whereas in women consuming VMS vitamin blood serum level was maintained at a constant level. The data obtained demonstrate advisability of VMS intake during pregnancy to maintain vitamin status of pregnant women at a satisfactory level and to reduce the risk of birth defects in infants.

Methods of food quality control and safety

Current aspects of counteraction of foodstuff's falsification

Abstract
Food products are the objects of the consumer's market, and human's health and life are directly depended on these product's quality and safety. In this regard, the government is paying close attention to entrepreneurial activity aimed at the production and turnover of food products, including their realization to the final consumer. In the absence of proper state control, designed to ensure, first of all, the quality and safety of food products, the consequences may be more than the negative. A significant risk to public health can represent some of the falsification of food products. Typically, these are species of assortment counterfeiting, which may lead to the use of hazardous raw substitutes. In general, the falsification is divided into: assortment, qualitative, quantitative, informational, cost and complex. Herewith it should be noted that falsification in reality is consumer frand and it's necessary to fight against it on the State and social levels. Accordingly the ideology of the measures aimed at prevention and punishability of food products falsification has been proposed.

Flavouring estimation of quality of grape wines with use of methods of mathematical statistics

Abstract
The questions of forming of wine's flavour integral estimation during the tasting are discussed, the advantages and disadvantages of the procedures are declared. As investigating materials we used the natural white and red wines of Russian manufactures, which were made with the traditional technologies from Vitis Vinifera, straight hybrids, blending and experimental wines (more than 300 different samples). The aim of the research was to set the correlation between the content of wine's nonvolatile matter and wine's tasting quality rating by mathematical statistics methods. The content of organic acids, amino acids and cations in wines were considered as the main factors influencing on the flavor. Basically, they define the beverage's quality. The determination of those components in wine's samples was done by the electrophoretic method «CAPEL». Together with the analytical checking of wine's samples quality the representative group of specialists simultaneously carried out wine's tasting estimation using 100 scores system. The possibility of statistical modelling of correlation of wine's tasting estimation based on analytical data of amino acids and cations determination reasonably describing the wine's flavour was examined. The statistical modelling of correlation between the wine's tasting estimation and the content of major cations (ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium), free amino acids (proline, threonine, arginine) and the taking into account the level of influence on flavour and analytical valuation within fixed limits of quality accordance were done with Statistica. Adequate statistical models which are able to predict tasting estimation that is to determine the wine's quality using the content of components forming the flavour properties have been constructed. It is emphasized that along with aromatic (volatile) substances the nonvolatile matter - mineral substances and organic substances - amino acids such as proline, threonine, arginine influence on wine's flavour properties. It has been shown the nonvolatile components contribute in organoleptic and flavour quality estimation of wines as aromatic volatile substances but they take part in forming the expert's evaluation.
Biologically active substances in foods

Investigation of the composition of biologically active substances in extracts of wild plants

Abstract

The article presents the research materials of composition and the properties of biologically active compounds of aqueous ethanolic extracts of wild plants. To obtain extracts, we used raw plants containing phenolic compounds and aromatic wild plants: the herb St. John's wort (Hypericum), thyme herba (Thymus vulgaris), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), oregano (Origanum vulgaris); leaves of sage (Salviae folium); rose hips (Rosae), hawthorn fructus (Crataegus) and fruits of mountain ash (Sorbus). The optimum composition of the mixtures used and time of extraction has been established: the ratio of alcohol and water in extracting mixtures 1:1 by volume; ratio raw material:extractant - 1:7 by weight. The total content of fenolic substances in extracts of herbaceous plants varied from to 15.5 to 24.4 mg/g, and in fruit extracts from 24.2 to 29.7 mg/g. Substances of phenolic nature, including gallic and ferulic acid, rutin, hesperidin, quercetin and apigenin were identified in the studied extracts using the HPLC. The analysis of flavonoid composition showed that rutin content in the investigated extracts varied from 0.56 mg/g up to 13,80 mg/g, of quercetin - from 0.52 to 1.36 mg/g; apigenin - from 0.44 to 1.44 mg/g; hesperidin from 2.44 to 32,72 mg/g. The content of phenolic acids varied from 0.16 to 1.44 mg/g (ferulic acid) and from 0.16 to 3.12 mg/g (chlorogenic acid). Total antioxidant activity of the studied phytoextracts (dilution 1:10) ranged from 142 to 230 μg/ml (in terms of ascorbic acid), which is consistent with the results of the quantitative analysis of flavonoids. The results of the studies of antimicrobial properties of phytoextracts showed that for E. coli the most active extracts were from thyme and yarrow, and against S. aureus - from St. John's wort. Extracts of St. John's wort and yarrow were effective against Rhizopus stolonifer.

Expansion of the range of anthocyanin food colorants from unconventional vegetal primary products

Abstract
The purpose of work to study the content of anthocyanins and other biologically active substances in residues of fruits of Sanberri from receivingjuice and mash. It is established that residues contained over 70% solids, more than 60% of dietary fiber, to 55.4 mg/% of ascorbic acid and up to 90.0 mg/% of anthocyanins. Furthermore, they possessed high antioxidant activity (156.8-399.4 mg/% dihydroquercetin equivalent) that allowed to recommend them as raw materials for receiving natural food colorants. The concentrated food dye from Sanberri's residue (50-51% soluble solids) had intensive color varying from dark-violet (at acidity of 1.0%) to claret-red (at acidity of 3.0%), possessed high antioxidant activity (1308.2-2223.5 mg/%) and contained a large amount of anthocyanins (666-976 mg/%).
New food products: technology, composition, effectiveness

Scientific bases and technological principles of the production of gerodietetic canned milk

Abstract
It is well known that aging is the natural growing multisection biological process inevitably leading to limitation of body adaptive capabilities. The body ageing is the result of self-regulation mechanism limitation, reduction of their potential capabilities at molecular-genetic, energetic, cellular and general-regulatory levels. It should be noted that due to lack of the unified theory of aging the importance of nutrition factor has been acknowladged particularly initiation and intensity of the process, and the role of antioxidants is discussed much in detail. As the result of long term investigations at model and natural objects the technologies of powder and condensed sterilized gerodietetic milk based preserved foods have been developed. The multicomponent receipts modules balanced by fatty-acid and amino-acid composition as well as enriched with lycopene have been theoretically substantiated and realized. The new gerodietetic products are characterized by the following coefficients of RL3/RL6 not less than for the products: powdered - 0.871/0.615 and condensed sterilized - 0.883/0.648. The following amino-acid balance of Rp/σ protein for the products: powdered - 0.46/15.00, condensed -0.44/15.76 has been obtained. The obtained velues of the balanced criteria of the protein-lipid composition of the product are higher comparing to similar values for milk fat and protein. Two lycopene dosages in the products are provided: prophylactic - 5 mg and antioxidant - 1.5 mg in 400 ml of the reconstituted milk. On the basis of the carried out studies two technologies of the manufacture of condensed milk gerodietetic products adapted to actual conditions of concentrated milk factories have been developed.
Information

Addition to materials of the XVI all-Russian Congress nutritsiologs and nutritionists with international participation, devoted to the 100 anniversary from the birthday of the founder domestic nutrition A.A. Pokrovsky, “Fundamental and applied aspects of nutrition and dietetics. The quality of the food” (Moscow, 2–4 June 2016) published in the Annex to the journal “Problems of nutrition” N 2, 2016

Abstract

All articles in our journal are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0 license)

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CHIEF EDITOR
CHIEF EDITOR
Viktor A. Tutelyan
Full Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Scientific Director of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (Moscow, Russia)

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